Opération Ezra et Néhémie
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De 1950 à 1952, l'Opération Ezra et Néhémie a permis d'emmener la quasi-totalité des Juifs d'Irak vers l'État d'Israël nouvellement indépendant. Plus de 110.000 personnes immigrèrent en Israël en passant d'abord par Chypre pour les premiers temps puis en allant directement vers Israël. Em 1968, seulement 2.000 Juifs vivaient encore en Irak. Ils ne sont plus que 100 environ aujourd'hui à Bagdad.
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After the initial emigration, the number of Jews in Baghdad decreased from 100,000 to 77,000. In 1968 there were only about 2,000 Jews still living there. With the establishment of the State of Israel hundreds of young Iraqi Jews were arrested on charges of Zionist activity and two Zionist leaders were publicly hanged in Baghdad. On January 27, 1969 nine other Jews were hanged on charges of spying for Israel. Today less than 100 Jews remain, all elderly and living in Baghdad. Until Operation Ezra and Nehemiah there were 28 Jewish educational institutions in Baghdad, 16 under the supervision of the community committee and the rest privately run. The number of pupils reached 12,000 and many others learned in foreign and government schools. About 400 students studied medicine, law, economics, pharmacy, and engineering. In 1951 the Jewish school for the blind was closed; it was the only school of its type in Baghdad. The Jews of Baghdad had two hospitals in which the poor received free treatment, and several philanthropic services. Out of 60 synagogues in 1950, there remained only seven after 1970.
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